- Hydrothermal Processes (HTP)
- Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
- Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)
- Hydrothermal Gasification (HTG)
- Hydrothermal Humification (HTH)
- Hydrothermal Fulvification (HTF)
- Vapothermal Processes (VTP)
- Products
- Hydrochar (HC)
- Process water (PW)
- Gas
- Applications
Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical conversion process that transforms wet biomass into a bio-crude oil through decomposition in hot, pressurized water. Operating at temperatures typically between 250–374 °C and pressures of 10–25 MPa, HTL mimics the natural geological processes that produce fossil fuels but accelerates them to a matter of hours. The resulting bio-crude can be further upgraded into transportation fuels, while aqueous and solid byproducts may be treated or valorized. HTL is particularly suitable for processing high-moisture feedstocks like algae, sewage sludge, or food waste, offering a promising pathway for renewable fuel production and organic waste management.