{"id":32,"date":"2026-03-03T10:11:53","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T09:11:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/?page_id=32"},"modified":"2026-03-23T16:04:50","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T15:04:50","slug":"scientific-publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/research-outputs\/scientific-publications\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientific Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This page collects peer-reviewed scientific publications authored or co-authored by members of the Hydrochar Network and related to hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), hydrochar production, properties, applications, and sustainability assessments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The list is intended as a curated resource to support knowledge sharing and research discovery within the international Hydrochar Network community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Publications are grouped by thematic categories to facilitate navigation and retrieval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Fundamentals<\/strong> \ud83d\udd2c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><em>Reviews and foundational studies describing the principles, mechanisms, and properties of HTC and hydrothermal products.<\/em><\/summary>\n<p><strong>Review papers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ischia G., Berge N.D., Bae S., Marzban N., S. Rom\u00e1n, Farru G., Wilk M., Kulli B., Fiori L. Advances in Research and Technology of Hydrothermal Carbonization: Achievements and Future Directions. <em>Agronomy <\/em>14 (2024) 955. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy14050955\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy14050955<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Catenacci, A., Boniardi, G., Mainardis, M., Gievers, F., Farru, G., Asunis, F., &amp; Canziani, R. (2022). Processes, applications and legislative framework for carbonized anaerobic digestate: Opportunities and bottlenecks. A critical review.&nbsp;<em>Energy Conversion and Management<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>263<\/em>, 115691. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.115691\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.115691<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Czerwi\u0144ska K., \u015aliz M., Wilk M. Hydrothermal carbonization process: Fundamentals, main parameter characteristics and possible applications including an effective method of SARS-CoV-2 mitigation in sewage sludge. A review. <em>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews<\/em> 154 (2022) 111873. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111873\">https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111873<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Farru, G., Asquer, C., Cappai, G., De Gioannis, G., Melis, E., Milia, S., Muntoni, A., Piredda, M., &amp; Scano, E. A. (2022). Hydrothermal carbonization of hemp digestate: influence of operating parameters.&nbsp;<em>Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery<\/em>, 1-12. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-022-02831-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-022-02831-4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilk M., \u015aliz M., Czerwinska K., \u015aled\u017a M. The effect of an acid catalyst on the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge. <em>Journal of Environmental Management<\/em> 345 (2023) 118820. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118820\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118820<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Czerwi\u0144ska K., Mikusi\u0144ska J., B\u0142oniarz A. \u015aliz M., Wilk M. The effect of residence time during the hydrothermal carbonization process of sewage sludge on the properties of hydrochar. <em>Energies <\/em>17 (2024) 3380. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17143380\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17143380<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Policy &amp; Market<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Farru, G., Scheufele, F. B., Moloeznik Paniagua, D., Keller, F., Jeong, C., &amp; Basso, D. (2024). Business and Market Analysis of Hydrothermal Carbonization Process: Roadmap toward Implementation. <em>Agronomy<\/em>, <em>14<\/em>(3), 541. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy14030541\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy14030541<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Properties and Characterization \u269b\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><em>Studies focusing on the physicochemical properties, compositional analysis, and performance metrics of hydrochar.<\/em><\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Szkad\u0142ubowicz K., Mikusi\u0144ska J., Pozarlik A., Wilk M. Hydrothermal Treatment of Sewage Sludge Under Different Process Conditions with a Focus on Energy Properties and Resource Recovery. <em>Energies <\/em>18 (2025) 6071. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en18226071\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en18226071<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u015aliz M., Czerwi\u0144ska K., Magdziarz A., Lombardi L., Wilk M. Hydrothermal Carbonization of the Wet Fraction from Mixed Municipal Solid Waste: A Fuel and Structural Analysis of Hydrochars. Energies 15 (2022) 6708. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15186708\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15186708<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilk M., Gajek M., \u015aliz M., Czerwi\u0144ska K., Lombardi L. Hydrothermal carbonization process of digestate from sewage sludge: chemical and physical properties of hydrochar in terms of energy application. Energies 15 (2022) 6499. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15186499\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15186499<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilk M., \u015aliz M., Gajek M., The effects of hydrothermal carbonization operating parameters on high-value hydrochar derived from beet pulp. Renewable Energy 177 (2021) 216\u2013228. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.renene.2021.05.112\">https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.renene.2021.05.112<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilk M., Magdziarz A., Kalemba-Rec I., Szyma\u0144ska-Chargot M., Upgrading of green waste into carbon-rich solid biofuel by hydrothermal carbonization: The effect of process parameters on hydrochar derived from acacia, Energy 202 (2020) 117717.. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117717\">https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117717<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u015aliz M., Wilk M., A comprehensive investigation of hydrothermal carbonization: Energy potential of hydrochar derived from Virginia mallow, Renewable Energy 156 (2020) 942\u2013950. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.renene.2020.04.124\">https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.renene.2020.04.124<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Czerwi\u0144ska K., Wiero\u0144ska-Wi\u015bniewska F., Bytnar K., Mikusi\u0144ska J., \u015aliz M., Wilk M. The effect of an acidic environment during the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge on solid and liquid products: the fate of heavy metals, phosphorus and other compounds. Journal of Environmental Management 365 (2024) 121637. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121637\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121637<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilk M., \u015aliz M., Czerwinska K., &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gajek M., Kalemba-Rec I. Improvements in dewaterability and fuel properties of hydrochars derived from hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge and organic waste. Renewable Energy 227 (2024) 120547. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2024.120547\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2024.120547<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilk M., \u015aliz M., Lubieniecki B., Hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge and fuel additives: Combustion performance of hydrochar. Renewable Energy 178 (2021) 1046\u20131056. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.renene.2021.06.101\">https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.renene.2021.06.101<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Szkad\u0142ubowicz K., Urbanowska A., \u015aliz M., Kalemba-Rec I., Wik M. Removal of contaminants from liquid after hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge using a combination of membrane techniques and struvite precipitation. Water Resources and Industry 33 (2025) 100285.. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wri.2025.100285\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wri.2025.100285<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Czerwi\u0144ska K., \u015aliz M., Wilk M. Thermal disposal of post\u2011processing water derived from the hydrothermal carbonization process of sewage sludge. Waste and Biomass Valorization 15 (2024) 1671\u20131680. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12649-023-02162-z\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12649-023-02162-z<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Czerwi\u0144ska K., Marsza\u0142ek A., Kudlek E., \u015aliz M., Dudziak M., Wilk M., The treatment of post-processing liquid from the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge. Science of the Total Environment 885 (2023) 163858. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163858\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163858<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilk M., Czerwi\u0144ska K., \u015aliz M., Imbierowicz M., Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: hydrochar properties and processing water treatment by distillation and wet oxidation. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 39\u201358. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.03.092\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.03.092<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Applications<\/strong> \u267b\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><em>Peer-reviewed research on applications, including soil amendment, pollutant adsorption, environmental remediation, and materials uses.<\/em><\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sieradzka M., Szkad\u0142ubowicz K., \u015aliz M., Kalemba-Rec I., Kornaus K., Kozinski J., Wilk M. Hydrogen-rich syngas production from sewage sludge and hydrochars via catalytic gasification with SrO. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 144 (2025) 1358\u20131366. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2025.03.421\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2025.03.421<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Magdziarz A., Wilk M., W\u0105drzyk M., Pyrolysis of hydrochar derived from biomass \u2013 Experimental investigation. Fuel 267 (2020) 117246. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117246\">https:\/\/doi.10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117246<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lombardi L., Sahota S., Polettini A., Pomi R., Rossi A., Zonfa T., Cema G., Czerwi\u0144ska K., Magdziarz A., Mikusi\u0144ska J., \u015aliz M., Wilk M. Valorization of cheese-making residues in biorefineries using different combinations of dark fermentation, hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic digestion. Energy 335 (2024) 132327.. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2024.132327\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2024.132327<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wang G., Xiao H., Sieradzka M., Prus Z., Wilk M., Magdziarz A., Chen Y., Yang H., Wang J., Yang Y. Exploring the potential of hydrothermal waxes derived from polyethylene: Product characterization and insights from solvent effects. Waste Management 205 (2025) 114997. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.114997\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.114997<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mikusi\u0144ska J., Szkad\u0142ubowicz K., Prus Z., Ku\u017ania M., Gajek M., Wilk M., Fuel properties characterization of hydrochars derived from agricultural digestate. Renewable Energy 244 (2025) 122639. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2025.122639\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2025.122639<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Environmental and Sustainability Assessment \ud83c\udf31<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><em>Publications addressing environmental impacts, ecotoxicity, sustainability, and life cycle aspects of hydrochar and HTC.<\/em><\/summary>\n<p>Mendecka B., Czerwi\u0144ska K., Lombardi L., \u015aliz M., Wilk M. Thermoecological cost analysis of hydrothermal carbonization for valorization of under-sieve fraction from municipal solid wastes. <em>Energies <\/em>17 (2024) 4090. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17164090\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17164090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lombardi L., Tuci F., \u015aliz M., Czerwi\u0144ska K., Fabrizi S., Wilk M. Life cycle assessment of the hydrothermal carbonization process applied to the wet fraction mechanically separated from municipal mixed waste. <em>Waste Management<\/em> 166 (2023) 181\u2013193. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.04.043\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.04.043<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Microplastics<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prus Z., Wilk M. Microplastics in sewage sludge: worldwide presence in biosolids, environmental impact, identification methods and possible routes of degradation, including the hydrothermal carbonization process. Energies 17 (2024) 4219.. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17174219\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17174219<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prus Z., Szkad\u0142ubowicz K., Mikusi\u0144ska J., Dr\u00f3\u017cd\u017c A., Brunarska I., Chwiej J., Styszko K., Wilk M. The Effect of Hydrothermal Carbonization Temperature on Microplastic Content in Digested Sewage Sludge and Its Relation to the Fuel Properties of Hydrochars. Energies 18 (2025) 5105. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en18195105\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en18195105<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u2795<\/strong> <strong>How to Contribute<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you would like to suggest a publication for inclusion:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provide the full citation in the format above.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Include a DOI link (if available).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Submit via the Hydrochar Network <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/contacts-us\/contact-us\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"537\">contact form<\/a> or via <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/contacts-us\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"19\">email<\/a> to the editorial team.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ud83d\udccc<\/strong> <strong>Notes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The content and categorization reflect the state of research at the time of publication.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presence on this list does not imply endorsement by Hydrochar Network beyond inclusion for relevance and contribution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-contrast-color has-text-color is-vertical is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-84c28ab9 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"min-height:40vh;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><div style=\"margin-bottom:6px;\" class=\"aligncenter wp-block-site-logo\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/\" class=\"custom-logo-link\" rel=\"home\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"103\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/files\/2025\/11\/logoTEXT_new-scaled.png\" class=\"custom-logo\" alt=\"Hydrochar Network\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/files\/2025\/11\/logoTEXT_new-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/files\/2025\/11\/logoTEXT_new-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/files\/2025\/11\/logoTEXT_new-1024x389.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/files\/2025\/11\/logoTEXT_new-768x292.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/files\/2025\/11\/logoTEXT_new-1536x583.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/files\/2025\/11\/logoTEXT_new-2048x777.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\">Proudly powered by <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.org\">WordPress<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-social-links has-normal-icon-size is-style-logos-only is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-65900438 wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/linkedin.com\/company\/hydrochar-network\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page collects peer-reviewed scientific publications authored or co-authored by members of the Hydrochar Network and related to hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), hydrochar production, properties, applications, and sustainability assessments. The list is intended as a curated resource [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3514,"featured_media":907,"parent":1449,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/senza-sidebar.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-32","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3514"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1551,"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32\/revisions\/1551"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1449"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.unica.it\/hydrochar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}