Scientific Publications

Review papers

• Ischia G., Berge N.D., Bae S., Marzban N., S. Román, Farru G., Wilk M., Kulli B., Fiori L. Advances in Research and Technology of Hydrothermal Carbonization: Achievements and Future Directions. Agronomy 14 (2024) 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050955
• Catenacci, A., Boniardi, G., Mainardis, M., Gievers, F., Farru, G., Asunis, F., & Canziani, R. (2022). Processes, applications and legislative framework for carbonized anaerobic digestate: Opportunities and bottlenecks. A critical review. Energy Conversion and Management, 263, 115691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115691
• Czerwińska K., Śliz M., Wilk M. Hydrothermal carbonization process: Fundamentals, main parameter characteristics and possible applications including an effective method of SARS-CoV-2 mitigation in sewage sludge. A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 154 (2022) 111873. https://doi.10.1016/j.rser.2021.111873

Articles

• Farru, G., Asquer, C., Cappai, G., De Gioannis, G., Melis, E., Milia, S., Muntoni, A., Piredda, M., & Scano, E. A. (2022). Hydrothermal carbonization of hemp digestate: influence of operating parameters. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02831-4
• Wilk M., Śliz M., Czerwinska K., Śledź M. The effect of an acid catalyst on the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management 345 (2023) 118820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118820
• Czerwińska K., Mikusińska J., Błoniarz A. Śliz M., Wilk M. The effect of residence time during the hydrothermal carbonization process of sewage sludge on the properties of hydrochar. Energies 17 (2024) 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143380

Policy & Market

• Farru, G., Scheufele, F. B., Moloeznik Paniagua, D., Keller, F., Jeong, C., & Basso, D. (2024). Business and Market Analysis of Hydrothermal Carbonization Process: Roadmap toward Implementation. Agronomy, 14(3), 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030541

• Szkadłubowicz K., Mikusińska J., Pozarlik A., Wilk M. Hydrothermal Treatment of Sewage Sludge Under Different Process Conditions with a Focus on Energy Properties and Resource Recovery. Energies 18 (2025) 6071. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226071
• Śliz M., Czerwińska K., Magdziarz A., Lombardi L., Wilk M. Hydrothermal Carbonization of the Wet Fraction from Mixed Municipal Solid Waste: A Fuel and Structural Analysis of Hydrochars. Energies 15 (2022) 6708. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186708
• Wilk M., Gajek M., Śliz M., Czerwińska K., Lombardi L. Hydrothermal carbonization process of digestate from sewage sludge: chemical and physical properties of hydrochar in terms of energy application. Energies 15 (2022) 6499. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186499
• Wilk M., Śliz M., Gajek M., The effects of hydrothermal carbonization operating parameters on high-value hydrochar derived from beet pulp. Renewable Energy 177 (2021) 216–228. https://doi.10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.112
• Wilk M., Magdziarz A., Kalemba-Rec I., Szymańska-Chargot M., Upgrading of green waste into carbon-rich solid biofuel by hydrothermal carbonization: The effect of process parameters on hydrochar derived from acacia, Energy 202 (2020) 117717.. https://doi.10.1016/j.energy.2020.117717
• Śliz M., Wilk M., A comprehensive investigation of hydrothermal carbonization: Energy potential of hydrochar derived from Virginia mallow, Renewable Energy 156 (2020) 942–950. https://doi.10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.124
• Czerwińska K., Wierońska-Wiśniewska F., Bytnar K., Mikusińska J., Śliz M., Wilk M. The effect of an acidic environment during the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge on solid and liquid products: the fate of heavy metals, phosphorus and other compounds. Journal of Environmental Management 365 (2024) 121637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121637
• Wilk M., Śliz M., Czerwinska K.,     Gajek M., Kalemba-Rec I. Improvements in dewaterability and fuel properties of hydrochars derived from hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge and organic waste. Renewable Energy 227 (2024) 120547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120547
• Wilk M., Śliz M., Lubieniecki B., Hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge and fuel additives: Combustion performance of hydrochar. Renewable Energy 178 (2021) 1046–1056. https://doi.10.1016/j.renene.2021.06.101
• Szkadłubowicz K., Urbanowska A., Śliz M., Kalemba-Rec I., Wik M. Removal of contaminants from liquid after hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge using a combination of membrane techniques and struvite precipitation. Water Resources and Industry 33 (2025) 100285.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2025.100285
• Czerwińska K., Śliz M., Wilk M. Thermal disposal of post‑processing water derived from the hydrothermal carbonization process of sewage sludge. Waste and Biomass Valorization 15 (2024) 1671–1680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02162-z
• Czerwińska K., Marszałek A., Kudlek E., Śliz M., Dudziak M., Wilk M., The treatment of post-processing liquid from the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge. Science of the Total Environment 885 (2023) 163858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163858
• Wilk M., Czerwińska K., Śliz M., Imbierowicz M., Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: hydrochar properties and processing water treatment by distillation and wet oxidation. Energy Reports 9 (2023) 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.03.092

• Sieradzka M., Szkadłubowicz K., Śliz M., Kalemba-Rec I., Kornaus K., Kozinski J., Wilk M. Hydrogen-rich syngas production from sewage sludge and hydrochars via catalytic gasification with SrO. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 144 (2025) 1358–1366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.421
• Magdziarz A., Wilk M., Wądrzyk M., Pyrolysis of hydrochar derived from biomass – Experimental investigation. Fuel 267 (2020) 117246. https://doi.10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117246
• Lombardi L., Sahota S., Polettini A., Pomi R., Rossi A., Zonfa T., Cema G., Czerwińska K., Magdziarz A., Mikusińska J., Śliz M., Wilk M. Valorization of cheese-making residues in biorefineries using different combinations of dark fermentation, hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic digestion. Energy 335 (2024) 132327.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132327
• Wang G., Xiao H., Sieradzka M., Prus Z., Wilk M., Magdziarz A., Chen Y., Yang H., Wang J., Yang Y. Exploring the potential of hydrothermal waxes derived from polyethylene: Product characterization and insights from solvent effects. Waste Management 205 (2025) 114997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114997
• Mikusińska J., Szkadłubowicz K., Prus Z., Kuźnia M., Gajek M., Wilk M., Fuel properties characterization of hydrochars derived from agricultural digestate. Renewable Energy 244 (2025) 122639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.122639

Mendecka B., Czerwińska K., Lombardi L., Śliz M., Wilk M. Thermoecological cost analysis of hydrothermal carbonization for valorization of under-sieve fraction from municipal solid wastes. Energies 17 (2024) 4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164090

Lombardi L., Tuci F., Śliz M., Czerwińska K., Fabrizi S., Wilk M. Life cycle assessment of the hydrothermal carbonization process applied to the wet fraction mechanically separated from municipal mixed waste. Waste Management 166 (2023) 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.043

Microplastics

Prus Z., Wilk M. Microplastics in sewage sludge: worldwide presence in biosolids, environmental impact, identification methods and possible routes of degradation, including the hydrothermal carbonization process. Energies 17 (2024) 4219.. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174219

Prus Z., Szkadłubowicz K., Mikusińska J., Dróżdż A., Brunarska I., Chwiej J., Styszko K., Wilk M. The Effect of Hydrothermal Carbonization Temperature on Microplastic Content in Digested Sewage Sludge and Its Relation to the Fuel Properties of Hydrochars. Energies 18 (2025) 5105. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195105